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Current Status of L-Malic Acid

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October 23, 2025

Malic acid has three isomers: L-malic acid, D-malic acid, and DL-malic acid. Naturally occurring Malic acid is the L-form and is found in nearly all fruits, with pome fruits being the most abundant. Malic acid appears as colorless needle-shaped crystals or a white crystalline powder. Malic acid is odorless and has a pungent, refreshing, sour flavor.

L-malic acid production methods have evolved to include extraction, chemical synthesis, one-step fermentation, two-step fermentation, and immobilized enzyme or cell transformation methods. Currently, the malic acid industry faces a challenge due to the lack of high-quality strains for production. While researching and breeding high-quality strains, it is crucial to strengthen research in related technologies such as extraction processes, and to develop supporting upstream and downstream engineering technologies.

Malic acid produces low calories, has a better taste, and offers advantages such as being harmless to the mouth and teeth, facilitating amino acid absorption, and preventing fat accumulation. Driven by major downstream demand markets such as food and beverages, my country's demand for L-malic acid has grown from 9,125 tons in 2015 to 19,121 tons in 2022, with domestic malic acid production reaching 21,854 tons in 2022.

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The L-malic acid market faces the following challenges:

Risk of Raw Material Price Fluctuation

Corn prices account for 45%-50% of the production cost of L-malic acid. Corn price fluctuations directly affect the production cost of fermentation. The global corn market is significantly affected by factors such as climate and policy, potentially leading to unstable raw material supply.

Intensified Market Competition

The domestic L-malic acid industry is dominated by small and medium-sized enterprises, and has yet to establish a leading, large-scale, and branded company. With the expansion of cross-sector companies such as Huaheng Bio, competition in the Malic acid market will intensify, putting pressure on the market share of existing companies.

The Difficulty of Selecting a Technological Process

Chemical synthesis and fermentation are the main methods for producing Malic acid. The former offers lower costs but carries greater environmental risks, while the latter relies on renewable resources but has higher technical barriers. Malic acid companies must select the appropriate process based on their strengths, balancing cost and environmental requirements. ‌

Policy Compliance Pressure

Regulation of synthetic additives is tightening in international markets, including the EU. For example, some synthetic acidulants will be banned after 2025. Domestic companies need to accelerate the research and development and certification of natural ingredients.

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